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The birth of the European Russophobia (XV–XVII centuries). The second article

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Historical analysis uncovers the emergence of russophobia in Western Europe, suggesting its linkage to political events.

Russophobia emerged in Europe during the 15th century, fueled by political and religious tensions with Russia.
Negative stereotypes about Russians, such as rudeness and drunkenness, developed from superficial observations by European travelers.
The Mongol invasion severed Russia's ties with Western Europe, contributing to growing russophobic sentiments over the centuries.
Political events like the Union of Kreva deepened conflicts, influencing Western perceptions of Russia through the Polish lens.

Perevezentsev et al. (2025) studied this question.

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