From Tradition to Evidence: A Review of the Therapeutic and Preventive Benefits of Miswak

Miswak, a natural tooth-cleaning stick sourced from the twigs, roots, or stems of Salvadora persica, has been utilized for thousands of years by ancient cultures, including the Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians. It continues to be commonly used today in regions such as Africa, Asia, South America, and especially within Muslim countries, where its use has been recorded for over 1,400 years. Miswak is also encouraged in sacred Islamic texts for the purpose of cleaning teeth and purifying the mouth. Various scientific studies have shown that Salvadora persica has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-cariogenic, and anti-plaque properties. Furthermore, additional studies indicate that miswak may also display antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The immediate effects of miswak usage on saliva composition have been observed, and several clinical studies have validated that its mechanical and chemical cleaning properties are on par with, and in some cases exceed, those of standard toothbrushes. This review outlines the health benefits of Salvadora persica for oral hygiene and emphasizes the bioactive components found in its extracts that enhance its effectiveness as a traditional tool for oral care.