Nil Modules and the Envelope of a Submodule

Let R be a commutative unital ring and N be a submodule of an R-module M. We show that: 1) the semiprime radical is an invariant on submodules generated by the ascending chain of envelopes of a given submodule; 2) for rings that satisfy the radical formula, ⟨EM (0)⟩ is an idempotent radical leading to a torsion theory whose torsion class has nil R-modules and the torsion-free class has reduced R-modules; and, 3) Noetherian uniserial modules satisfy the semiprime radical formula and their semiprime radical is a nil module.