Clinical Manifestations, Immune Evasion, and Public Health Implications of Monkeypox: Challenges and Future Perspectives

Monkeypox (Mpox) is a disease primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals and humans. Recently, it has generated worldwide interest due to its expansion from endemic to non-endemic areas, raising concerns about its clinical consequences. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on clinical data, immune evasion mechanisms, and public health reports related to monkeypox. The review revealed that monkeypox presents with fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Key findings include the emergence of immune evasion strategies and an increase in human-to-human transmission, highlighting significant challenges for global surveillance, vaccination coverage, and outbreak preparedness. The findings underscore the varied clinical manifestations of Mpox, especially its severe impact on vulnerable populations such as HIV co-infected individuals and those with ocular involvement. The detailed analysis of immune evasion strategies reveals critical challenges in developing effective treatments and preventive measures. These insights align with existing research, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and improved diagnostic approaches. However, limitations include a reliance on available clinical reports and the evolving nature of monkeypox outbreaks, which may affect the generalizability of the conclusions. Understanding the clinical characteristics of Mpox is crucial for guiding effective treatment and prevention strategies, particularly in vulnerable populations. These insights can support public health efforts, improve patient outcomes, and inform future research on emerging infectious diseases.