Chimeric antigen receptor–based cell therapy for treating urological tumors

Urological tumors represent a significant global health challenge, with conventional therapies often proving insufficient to control disease progression. Recent breakthroughs in cellular immunotherapy, particularly in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell, CAR–natural killer cell, and CAR-macrophage therapies, have demonstrated remarkable potential for treating these malignancies. Ongoing research is actively refining CAR-based strategies to enhance their precision in targeting tumor-associated antigens. This review comprehensively summarizes the applications of CAR cell therapy in the following 3 major urological tumors: renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer. Furthermore, we analyzed the current advantages and limitations of these approaches and propose potential strategies for optimization focused on CAR-T cells. This review will provide future directions in this field and contribute to the development of more effective treatments for patients with urological cancer.