Evaluating the role of park and ride facilities in enhancing urban mobility A case study of Dar es Salaam City BRT Phase 1, Tanzania

Abstract Park and ride systems play a growing role in urban mobility, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities including Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This study assessed the demand, functionality, and operational challenges of park and ride facilities along the BRT corridor. The research aimed to evaluate service utilization, user perceptions and infrastructural adequacy to inform strategies for enhancing integrated transport systems. Data were collected through structured interviews with parking operators, government officials, and park and ride users. Descriptive statistical tools were used to summarize utilization trends, and qualitative analysis contextualize operational challenges. Findings revealed that demand for park and ride services exceeds current capacity, especially on weekdays, lots occupied as early as 6.30 a.m. in contrast to weekends. About 56% of users utilize parking lots without connecting to BRT services. Security, affordability and proximity to terminals influenced user satisfaction. However, deficiencies such as gravel surfaces, lack of amenities, and misuse of space by storage of impounded vehicles, compromised facility performance. Moreover, BRT operational delays and overcrowding during peak periods deterred modal shift behaviour. The potential of park and ride schemes in urban transport call for adaptive management strategies, including flexible fee structures and space monitoring, that enhance system efficiency and promote sustainable mobility transitions.