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September 10, 2025Open Access

Insular routing to orbitofrontal cortex enables breathing awareness

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Neurosurgical monitoring identifies insular-frontal connections in breathing awareness, indicating their role in respiratory control.

Conscious detection of breathing disruptions arises from early insular responses, guiding cortical appraisal.
Neurosurgical patients showed specific cortical encoding of inspiratory effort and airflow during breathing challenges.
This study reveals a dynamic insular-frontal circuit crucial for sensing respiratory challenges and adapting to them.
Insights gained may improve understanding of breathing awareness and its disruption in various diseases.

Assi et al. (2025) studied this question.

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