Cost-benefit analysis compares economic efficiency of diesel, electric, and hydrogen buses in GZM Metropolis, indicating potential shifts in public transport sustainability.
Energy transformation is one of the processes shaping contemporary urban transport systems, with public transport being the subject of initiatives designed to enhance its attractiveness and transport utility, including electromobility. This article presents a case study for a metropolitan conurbation—the GZM Metropolis in Poland—considering the economic efficiency of implementing buses with conventional diesel engines, electric buses (battery electric buses), and hydrogen fuel cell-powered buses. The analysis is based on the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) method using the discounted cash flow (DCF) method.
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Krawczyk et al. (2025) studied this question.
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