The global imperative to mitigate climate change and reduce ecological degradation has positioned renewable energy, green energy, and clean technologies as the cornerstone of sustainable development. Rapid decarbonization of the energy sector requires the integration of renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal, supported by enabling technologies including energy storage, smart grids, and digital optimization. Green energy carriers, particularly hydrogen produced via renewable electricity, offer viable solutions for hard-to-abate sectors, while clean technologies mitigate resource intensity through circular economy principles and lifecycle efficiency. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain in terms of infrastructure constraints, intermittency management, policy inconsistencies, and social acceptance barriers. This paper reviews the latest global progress, identifies critical gaps in technology deployment, and outlines policy, economic, and research priorities for achieving environmental sustainability. Evidence indicates that the tripling of renewable capacity by 2030 is technically achievable, provided that systemic bottlenecks in investment, permitting, and integration are urgently addressed.
Reddy et al. (Mon,) studied this question.