Evaluation of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Periodontitis with and without Diabetes Mellitus (Type II) and to assess the effect of Momordica Charantia (Bitter Gourd) Oil as an Antioxidant Adjuvant in Periodontal Treatment

Abstract Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can have an impact on chronic periodontitis, a prevalent inflammatory disease. The interplay between oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and periodontal tissue destruction is well-documented. Antioxidants derived from plants are becoming popular as periodontal therapy adjuncts. Objective: This study was aimed to measure the levels of important inflammatory biomarkers in patients with and without T2DM who had chronic periodontitis. Additionally, the study sought to determine whether Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) oil, recognized for its antioxidant qualities, might be used as an adjuvant in periodontal therapy. Methods: 120 subjects were divided into four groups. Groups II and IV B (only Scaling and Root Planing (SRP)), and Group IV A (SRP + adjunct topical bitter gourd oil application) were the test groups. Groups I and III were the control groups. Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and after 15 days. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were analyzed for antioxidant levels, and inflammatory markers. Molecular docking and network-based analysis (STRING and STITCH) was also carried out. Results: Post-treatment, Group IV A showed a notable reduction in biomarker levels (MMP9 and ICTP) and improved clinical outcomes compared to other groups, suggesting an enhanced therapeutic response with the use of M. charantia oil which was further validated by molecular docking and network-based analysis. Conclusion: Elevated systemic and local indicators indicate that T2DM exacerbates periodontal inflammation. By reducing inflammatory reactions and improving clinical recovery, Momordica charantia oil shows encouraging supplemental advantages in periodontal therapy, especially in diabetes patients.