In-vivo, In-vitro, and Ex-vivo Experimental Models for Nose‐to‐brain Drug Delivery

This article reviews various experimental models to determine pharmacological and physiological factors affecting intranasal to brain delivery. Administering drugs directly from the nasal cavity to the brain has great potential for treating Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders. Various preclinical models, such as in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, are used to study the transport of drugs after intranasal administration. The use of in vitro and ex vivo intranasal models provides an opportunity to study the physiological and pharmacological aspects that may impact the transport of drugs via the nasal epithelium. These models can help in understanding the mechanisms of drug absorption from the intranasal region. Developing and employing cost-efficient pharmacoki-netic models for intranasal drug administration that exhibit an effective in vitro-in vivo relation-ship can boost the development of drugs and improve economic and ecological factors by reduc-ing the need for animal experimentation. Thus, reducing both the duration and costs. The present review article aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the various experimental models. Fur-thermore, it does a comprehensive assessment of data gathered from several studies and empha-sizes the pros and cons of each model.