The Relevance of Classical Sociological Theories of Deviance in the Modern World: Rethinking and Updating

The purpose of the article is to analyze and rethink the classical sociological theories of deviance (anomie, social disorganization, differential association, stigmatization) in the context of modern social changes, including globalization, digitalization and hybrid conflicts. The study uses critical literature analysis and theoretical synthesis. Comparative and inter-paradigmatic approaches are used to assess the relevance of classical concepts to current social phenomena. It is established that classical theories remain relevant but need to be adapted. The theory of anomie explains deviations during global crises, and stigmatization is exacerbated by digital media. Social disorganization is effective for analyzing deviance in conflict zones, and differential association reveals the mechanisms of radicalization. An integrative approach combining classical and modernist theories (in particular, R.Ickers, R.Sampson, and J.Laub) is appropriate to explain complex modern deviations. The results of the study deepen the understanding of the evolution of sociological deviance and confirm its fundamental nature. The paper argues for the need for a dialogue between classical and contemporary theoretical paradigms to adequately explain deviance. It proposes a conceptual framework for updating classical theories by integrating them with ideas about the impact of globalization, digitalization, and hybrid conflicts, which contributes to the development of integrative deviance models. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of developing effective strategies for the prevention and correction of deviant behavior in modern society. Understanding the relevance of classical mechanisms of deviance allows us to formulate targeted social programs that take into account both structural and individual factors. The results can be used in criminology, social work, psychology, and for training specialists working with deviant manifestations, in particular in the context of military conflict and post-conflict reconstruction. Prospects for further research include empirical testing of adapted classical theories on specific examples of modern deviance. A limitation of this paper is the predominantly theoretical nature of the analysis, which does not include primary empirical research. Future research could also focus on the development of new methodological approaches to integrate qualitative and quantitative data in the study of deviance, as well as on the study of cultural criminology as a promising area.