Therapeutic Effects of Mind-Body Exercise on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: A Targeted Review

Functional declines in cognitive and motor performance as a result of aging can increase the risk of falls and the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), mild TBI (mTBI), or subsequent post-concussion syndrome (PCS) in older adults. Head injuries or PCS can lead to a longer recovery and a greater possibility of developing neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This targeted review utilized a rigorous, focused, evidence-based methodology, necessitating adherence to a structured approach to ensure the identification and inclusion of the most pertinent studies. Empirical evidence demonstrates the effects of physical or mental activity on the cognitive and motor functions of older adults. Studies on functional deterioration, balance problems, fall accidents, and neurological abnormalities are reported. The implications of TBI/mTBI, along with the neurological mechanisms of exercise for behavioural improvements and the prospective effects of physical or mental activity on PCS therapy, are examined. Most importantly, evaluating the rehabilitation outcomes of non-traditional exercises, including mindfulness, yoga, and Tai Chi, is crucial for individuals experiencing mTBI or PCS. Finally, the paper provides research suggestions and possible mind-body exercise interventions for mTBI and PCS in older adults.