Strategic Development and Sustainability of Swamp Buffalo A Systematic Review

Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) assume a pivotal function in the agricultural and economic frameworks of Southeast Asia, acting as a vital source of labor and high-protein sustenance. Nevertheless, the sustainability of swamp buffalo husbandry encounters various challenges, including alterations in land use, shortages of labor, and the impacts of climate change. This systematic literature review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, investigates strategic development and sustainability within swamp buffalo production through a comprehensive analysis of two decades of research (2003–2023) derived from peer-reviewed academic journals. The principal findings underscore prevailing trends in production, identifying both challenges and opportunities, Innovations focused on increasing efficiency, genetic conservation efforts and policy support are needed because the conservation of indigenous breeds and their characteristics (e.g. local water buffalo breeds that are well adapted to flooded environments) help keep buffalo populations highly genetically diverse. When faced with epidemics, a “gene pool” is needed to help improve breeds to survive in critical situations. The results indicate the potential for increased productivity through the implementation of improved herd management techniques, the utilization of innovative feed resources, and strategies aimed at mitigating methane emissions. Furthermore, the production of value-added products, such as cheese and yogurt, presents novel market opportunities. International cooperation, particularly involving stakeholders from Thailand, Australia and the Philippines on academic issues, is essential to promote sustainable practices. The study culminates in recommendations aimed at enhancing policy frameworks, adapting to climate change, and building farmer capacity to ensure the long-term sustainability and competitive viability of swamp buffalo farming.