Holistic approaches to swamp buffalo conservation: Investigating the role of community participation in the Thale Noi area, Nang Tung and Thale Noi subdistricts in Khuan Khanun District, Phatthalung Province, Thailand

While previous research on swamp buffalo conservation highlights its importance, gaps remain regarding community participation. This study examines community participation in swamp buffalo conservation in the Thale Noi area, shedding light on its impact on sustainability and offering insights into effective engagement strategies. The study employed a qualitative approach with 10 key informants, consisting of six experienced buffalo farmers, two community leaders, and two government officials. The data were collected via structured interviews and organized into three sections: demographic information, participation in conservation efforts, and identification of challenges and suggestions. The interview guide was refined through expert review and pilot testing to ensure validity. Data analysis involved thematic synthesis, organized into coherent themes, and presented via descriptive narration. Main Results: Effective swamp buffalo conservation depends on comprehensive community participation. (1) In decision-making, local ecological knowledge is pivotal for tailoring conservation strategies. (2) Operational efforts were strengthened by cross-sector collaboration, with resources and labor provided by the community, government, and private entities. (3) Benefit-sharing through ecotourism and sustainable agricultural practices enhances economic opportunities. (4) Participation in monitoring and evaluation ensures transparency and continuous improvement. Overall, the study highlights the critical role of holistic community involvement at all stages of conservation to achieve ecological balance and socioeconomic resilience in the region but acknowledges limitations, including challenges in sustaining community involvement due to limited resources and external pressures. The conservation of swamp buffalo highlights community participation through the “BUFFALO” framework: (1) B-Brainstorming collaboratively (2) U-Unified Collaboration (3) F-Fair Benefit Distribution (4) F-Feedback and Evaluation (5) A-Action Plans (6) L-Local Ownership, and (7) O-Outcome of sustainability. This approach ensures shared responsibility, inclusive decision-making, and benefits, balancing environmental, social, and economic goals while promoting community-driven policies for sustainable and effective resource management.