Early Diagnosis of Neonatal Septicemia: Current Status and Prospects of Inflammatory Markers and Detection Technologies

Early-onset sepsis (EOS) is a common and severe infectious disease in neonatal intensive care units, and early diagnosis is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This review systematically summarizes the application of inflammatory biomarkers and detection methods in the early diagnosis of neonatal EOS. Due to the atypical early symptoms of EOS and the limitations of traditional blood culture—such as long turnaround time and limited sensitivity—inflammatory biomarkers including IL-6, CRP, and PCT have demonstrated certain value in early diagnosis. Combined detection and dynamic monitoring can help improve diagnostic accuracy. Detection methods include traditional laboratory techniques such as ELISA and CLIA, as well as novel molecular technologies and POCT, including PCR, T2MR, and miRNA assays. These new technologies have improved detection speed and convenience, but their clinical effectiveness requires further validation. Standardization of detection methods and proper blood sampling procedures are also essential to ensure the accuracy and comparability of results. This review aims to provide a reference for clinicians in selecting appropriate inflammatory biomarkers and detection methods, thereby promoting advances in the early diagnosis and management of neonatal EOS.