Gravity table and X-ray images as strategies for the processing and quality control of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Ex Hornem seeds

Physalis ixocarpa is a Solanaceae species commonly consumed in Mexico and holds significant market value in horticulture in Brazil. Although seeds are the primary means of propagation for this species, there are few studies on seed quality assessment. The objectives of this research were: (i) to investigate the potential of X-ray imaging as a method for evaluating the morphological characteristics of P. ixocarpa seeds and as a complementary approach to verifying the quality of seed lots processed by a gravity table; and (ii) to correlate the data obtained from radiographic images with the physiological potential of the seeds. Seeds from two accessions were separated using a gravity table, generating seed lots of high, intermediate-high, intermediate-low, and low density. X-ray images of the seeds were acquired, and information on tissue filling and density was correlated with physiological performance. Seeds from the high-density discharge had intact and denser tissues, as well as higher primary root protrusion speed and germination rates. Seeds from the low-density lots exhibited embryo malformations and a lower proportion of reserve tissue, resulting in reduced germination percentages and a higher occurrence of abnormal seedlings. Through radiographic image analysis, it was possible to classify P. ixocarpa seeds based on their morphological characteristics and establish correlations with their physiological potential.