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Combination of Coagulation and Fermentation Technology in Utilizing Liquid Tofu Waste into Liquid Organic Fertilizer for the Growth of Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus dubius) Plants

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The lowest COD and BOD levels, 250 ppm and 127 ppm, respectively, resulted from using 1500 ppm of sour Java.
The addition of 1 mL of EM4 enhanced nutrient availability, yielding the highest content of N, P, and K at 2.087%.
Fermentation using EM4 was critical for accelerating nutrient breakdown and enhancing plant growth.
The application of POC with 1 mL of EM4 produced spinach plants measuring 25 cm tall with a fresh weight of 39 grams.

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This approach improves BOD and COD levels in tofu waste, suggesting effective nutrient availability for spinach.

Arlofa et al. (2025) studied this question.

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