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This is a R&D development method study (also classified as: Observational).

Development of Diagnostic Test Instruments as Placement Tests to Determine Students’ Cognitive Learning Levels on Acid-Base Material

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The diagnostic test instrument demonstrated effective assessment of cognitive learning levels in acid-base material.
Results showed 25 valid question items, with an average test score of 78.81% and 70.3% of students passing.
Data collection involved tests, interviews, and questionnaires, evaluated through various stages of development.
Expert validators confirmed the instrument's validity, indicating strong discriminatory power and difficulty classification.

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Development research validates diagnostic tests for acid-base material, showing effective cognitive assessment in students.

Z et al. (2025) studied this question.

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