Exploring the Neuroprotective Effects of Catharanthus roseus: “A Review of its Pharmacological Constituents

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and bradykinesia. Current therapeutic approaches primarily focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying neurodegeneration. Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Madagascar periwinkle, has been widely used in traditional medicine and is known for its diverse pharmacological properties, particularly due to its rich alkaloid content. Method: This review explores the potential therapeutic role of Catharanthus roseus in treating PD. Taxonomically classified under the Apocynaceae family, the plant has been traditionally used for various ailments, including cancer, Diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Its pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities, are mainly attributed to active compounds like vincristine and vinblastine. The study examines existing literature, focusing on preclinical models investigating its neuroprotective capabilities. Results: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that Catharanthus roseus exhibits neuroprotective effects in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. The plant's phytochemicals show promise in slowing or preventing neurodegeneration, potentially offering a novel approach to managing PD progression. Discussion: The neuroprotective effects observed in preclinical studies suggest that Catharanthus roseus could modulate key pathogenic pathways involved in PD, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. The presence of potent alkaloids may contribute to these effects by enhancing neuronal survival and reducing dopaminergic neuron loss. However, variability in study models, dosage, and extraction methods indicates the need for standardized protocols. Additionally, the mechanism of action for many of its compounds remains poorly understood, necessitating further molecular studies to clarify their role in neuroprotection. Conclusion: While the initial findings are promising, further research is essential to identify the specific compounds responsible for the neuroprotective effects. Clinical trials are also necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Catharanthus roseus in treating Parkinson's disease.