Underwater And Marine Construction - Innovations in Modular Caisson and Breakwater Construction for Coastal Defense Projects

Infrastructures are also important coastal defence constructions that are key in shielding coastal areas against erosion, storm surges, and the emerging risks of climate change. Modular caissons and breakwaters have presented new technological innovations in subsurface and marine construction projects among the many technologies accomplished in the construction process of marine constructions that people have developed. With developments in these technologies in the recent past, the survey examines their use in coastal defence systems. Modular caissons are more easily designed and shorter in time; breakwaters have been predominantly created in the modular system, which will be more effective and sustainable. Essential trends in the application of modern materials, including ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), and the integration of nature-friendly strategies, including nature-based solutions, are also described. This paper assesses the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies, and current research and or practical experiences inform the comparison. The research results support that the potential of modular caissons and breakwaters can transform the approaches to coastal defence. Yet, the issues of possible scalability, long-term resistance, and environmental friendliness are also revealed. In the future, the work should be carried out on the upstream of such systems to extreme weather conditions and the possibility of constructing new and sustainable materials in building processes.