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September 12, 2025KyklosOpen Access

Cultural‐Policy Framework and Mothers' Earnings Penalty: A European Comparison

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Authors

EBEliane El BadaouiEMEleonora Matteazzi

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Overview

Empirical analysis reveals varying motherhood penalties in Europe, suggesting work-family policies don't fully mitigate earnings gaps.

Key Points

  • A significant motherhood penalty exists in 10 Western European countries, impacting female earnings, especially in Sweden and Germany.
  • Quantile regressions show that the motherhood penalty decreases along the earnings distribution, highlighting its variability.
  • Work-family policies enhance female employment but have limited effect on reducing the motherhood penalty across the earnings landscape.
  • Cultural values and wage-setting practices are crucial in mediating the motherhood penalty, with traditional gender roles linked to lower penalties.

Cite This Study

Badaoui et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68d44c4d31b076d99fa55fd6https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.70013
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Motherhood employment penalty in Europe: trends, inequalities, and the role of family policies2026
  2. 2Size and factors of the motherhood penalty in the labour market: A meta-analysis2024 · 4 citations
  3. 3National Work-Family Policies and Gender Earnings Inequality in 26 OECD Countries, 1999 to 20192025 · 4 citations
  4. 4Gender Inequalities and Motherhood Penalties across French and German Local Labor Markets2025 · 2 citations
  5. 5Unequal Burdens: Motherhood, Immigration, and Occupational Outcomes—Are Immigrants Always at a Disadvantage?2026