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May 6, 2026International Migration

Unequal Burdens: Motherhood, Immigration, and Occupational Outcomes—Are Immigrants Always at a Disadvantage?

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Authors

NANoa Achouche

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Overview

Analysis shows immigrant mothers face greater employment penalties, highlighting ethnic hierarchies in labor outcomes.

Key Points

  • This research examines how motherhood and immigrant origin affect employment and occupational outcomes in France.
  • Analyzed data from the Enquête Emploi en Continu (2015–2020)
  • Compared employment probabilities among mothers and childless women
  • Investigated differences based on immigrant origin
  • Mothers have lower employment rates than childless women
  • Greatest penalty observed in immigrant mothers, especially non-European-origin
  • European-origin immigrant mothers maintain professional advantages while non-European counterparts do not

Cite This Study

Noa Achouche (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69fa986a04f884e66b5321e4https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70169
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Origin, Generation, and Destination Country Context: Employment Changes and Childbearing Among Female Immigrants and Their Descendants in the UK, France, and Germany2025 · 1 citations
  2. 2Unequal Penalties: The Relative Weight of Gender and Ethnic Disadvantage in Migrant Women's Labor Market Integration Across Western Europe2026
  3. 3Motherhood employment penalty in Europe: trends, inequalities, and the role of family policies2026
  4. 4Cultural‐Policy Framework and Mothers' Earnings Penalty: A European Comparison2025 · 4 citations
  5. 5Gender Inequalities and Motherhood Penalties across French and German Local Labor Markets2025 · 2 citations