Analysis of non-equilibrium dynamics in ultradiffuse galaxies reveals insight on dark matter and MOND implications.
Previously, we discussed non-equilibrium dynamics in tidal dwarf galaxies. These are the result of interactions between giant galaxies that are manifestly a departure from equilibrium, a circumstance that makes TDGs potentially a decisive test to distinguish between dark matter and MOND, and simultaneously precludes confident application of that test.
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Stacy McGaugh (2025) studied this question.
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