Analysis reveals non-equilibrium dynamics in galaxies with dark matter, suggesting implications for the Tully-Fisher relation.
This is a long post. It started focused on ultrafaint dwarfs, but can't avoid more general issues. In order to diagnose non-equilibrium effects, we have to have some expectation for what equilibrium would be. The Tully-Fisher relation is a useful empirical touchstone for that. How the Tully-Fisher relation comes about is itself theory-dependent.
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Stacy McGaugh (2025) studied this question.
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