Exploring the Link Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Single-Center Analysis

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent and often underdiagnosed, linking to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, and cognitive decline. Coexistence with T2DM worsens patient outcomes. Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy has demonstrated benefits in improving metabolic parameters and reducing comorbidities. Methods: This study examined the association between OSA and T2DM, focusing on therapy adherence. Overall, 73 patients from the pulmonology department, with diagnosed OSA and T2DM or prediabetes (PD) were compared to 72 OSA patients without diabetes. All underwent cardio-respiratory polygraphy. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and adherence were collected to evaluate disease severity and compliance. Results: Only 24% of patients were referred from cardiology or internal medicine. The STOP-BANG questionnaire accurately identified 83.4% of cases. Of the study group, 65.75% had T2DM, 34.2% had PD, and 16.5% received new diagnoses. T2DM patients had the highest BMI (40.19 kg/m2). Smoking prevalence exceeded European averages. These patients experienced more severe OSA and multiple comorbidities. PAP adherence increased from 73% to 86% after full financial coverage. Conclusions: Polygraphy remains an effective diagnostic tool. Patients with T2DM tend to have more severe OSA and comorbidities, underscoring the importance of early screening and increased awareness to improve management and outcomes.