Integrated simulation of powertrain and emission systems for a PHEV with GDI engine complying with Euro 6d-TEMP standard

This paper presents the development and calibration of an integrated simulation model combining the powertrain and exhaust system for a PHEV equipped with a 1.25L GDI engine, compliant with the Euro 6d-TEMP emission standard. The model was developed using the Simcenter Amesim platform. Simulation results show that the mean absolute errors for exhaust temperature, pressure, and pollutant emissions (CO, HC, NOx, PN) are all below 10% compared to experimental data obtained from an engine test bench. The model accurately captures the dynamics of the WLTC driving cycle, particularly during transient phases such as cold start and acceleration. Emission levels, including PN<6×10¹¹ particles/km, NOx at 75 mg/km, HC at 0.065 g/km, and CO at 0.85 g/km, remain within the limits set by the Euro 6d-TEMP standard. These results confirm the model’s suitability for research and development of energy- and emission-optimized hybrid powertrain configurations.