T-cadherin as a key regulator of metabolism in health and disease

T-cadherin (also known as cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart), and CDH13 ) is a multifunctional protein that plays a key role in metabolism regulation, adipogenesis, and carcinogenesis. The review presents current perspectives on the structure and functions of T-cadherin, interaction with its well-known ligands (adiponectin, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL)). Special attention is given to analysing the role of T-cadherin in adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), as well as its effects on lipid accumulation and the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. It is suggested that T-cadherin may act as a sensor of metabolic signals, regulating the balance between adipogenesis and the activation of stem/progenitor cells, which is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis in adipose tissue. In the context of oncological diseases, T-cadherin functions as a potential tumor suppressor. Loss of T-cadherin expression is a hallmark of many cancers, including breast, lung, and colorectal cancer. Reduced levels of T-cadherin are associated with hypermethylation of the CDH13 gene promoter or loss of heterozygosity in the CDH13 gene region. T-cadherin may also mediate the protective effects of adiponectin, which has oncosuppressive properties. Imbalances between adiponectin and LDL in obesity and metabolic syndrome may contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Thus, T-cadherin may mediate the link between obesity and carcinogenesis. Its ability to regulate adipogenesis and interact with ligands affecting overall metabolism, makes this protein a promising target for further research. Understanding the molecular mechanisms mediated by T-cadherin may open new avenues to treatment of obesity and related oncological diseases.