Forced Convective Flow of Experimentally Feasible Hybrid Nanofluid with Radiation and Heat Source: A Numerical Approach

Researching hybrid nanofluids for automotive applications addresses the increasing demand for cooling systems that are both sustainable and efficient. These fluids hold promise for tackling current and future automotive challenges, especially in the transition to electric and hybrid vehicles, because of their superior heat transport capabilities. The combination of graphene oxide and silver in a blend of ethylene glycol with water to form a hybrid nanofluid has been explored experimentally in the literature. Therefore, the present investigation explore the forced convective flow of a hybrid nanofluid made up of graphene oxide (GO) and silver (Ag) suspended in water (H 2 O) and ethylene glycol (C 2 H 6 O 2 ). To assess the fluid’s behavior in its environment, we incorporate thermal radiation, variable heat sources, convection, and mass transfer conditions. The distinguished equations are transmuted to simpler form and solved using the Chebyshev collocation technique. A laminar flow constant of 0.332, as reported in the literature, is used. The study reveals that thermal radiation, heat sources, and the Biot number enhance the fluid’s thermal energy. The ethylene glycol-based nanofluid demonstrates a 3.2% improvement in mass transfer performance. The findings suggest that the GO-Ag/EG-based hybrid nanofluid is suitable for gradual cooling such as Transmission System, Engine Block and Cylinder Head. The GO-Ag/water-based hybrid nanofluid is more effective for rapid cooling such as Turbochargers, radiators and Cabin Air Conditioning Systems.