The Current Role of CAR-T Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Hematologic Cancers: A Literature Review

CAR-T cell therapy has emerged as a revolutionary approach in the treatment of hematologic cancers, offering new perspectives for patients with refractory or relapsed diseases. This personalized immunotherapy utilizes genetically modified T cells to recognize and eliminate cancer cells, promising to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies. The general objective of this study was to analyze the current role of CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of hematologic cancers, evaluating its efficacy, safety, and potential application compared to conventional therapies. Methodologically, an integrative literature review was conducted, with searches performed in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases using descriptors related to CAR-T therapy and hematologic cancers. The search period covered January 2019 to September 2024, resulting in the final selection of eight relevant articles. The results indicated significant efficacy of CAR-T therapy, particularly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with remission rates exceeding 80% in refractory cases. Recent advances, such as bispecific and universal CAR-T cells, have demonstrated potential to expand applicability and reduce limitations. However, challenges persist, including severe side effects and high costs. It was concluded that CAR-T therapy represents a significant advancement in the treatment of hematologic cancers, offering hope for previously untreatable cases, although it faces challenges in large-scale implementation. Future research focused on optimizing production, reducing costs, and managing side effects is crucial to expanding access to this promising therapy.