Analysis identifies trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services in Shandong Province under land use change.
Key Points
The reduction of cultivated land area in Shandong Province was notable from 2000 to 2020, decreasing by over 13,000 hectares.
Spatial distribution of ecosystem services highlighted higher values in central and southeastern areas while lower values were noted in the Yellow River Basin.
Analysis revealed that water yield and soil retention increased, while carbon storage and habitat quality decreased in the same period.
Regional variability in ecosystem service relationships was found, with trade-offs primarily occurring between carbon storage and water yield.