Lignocellulosic bio waste-derived bio-graphite as a green anode material in Lithium-ion batteries: A review of synthesis methods.

The growing demand for sustainable energy storage technologies has intensified the search into environmentally friendly and cost-effective materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).). Graphite, the conventional anode material, faces challenges related to resource limitations and the environmental impact of synthetic production methods. As a promising alternative, lignocellulosic biomass-derived bio graphite offers a renewable, abundant and low-costs carbon source for anode applications. this review provides a comprehensive overview of current synthesis methods for converting lignocellulosic biomass into bio-graphite, with a focus on the structural, morphological and electrochemical characteristics of the resulting materials. Key synthesis routes discussed include pyrolysis, chemical activation, catalytic graphitization, plasma-assisted and hydrothermal carbonization highlighting the role of processing conditions and precursor composition in influencing graphite quality and performance. Special emphasis has been given to catalytic graphitization and hydrothermal carbonization, which enable the formation of graphitic carbon at relatively low temperatures through the use of transition metal catalysts. Finally, the review identifies critical knowledge gaps and future directions needed to advance the use of lignocellulosic bio-waste in the scalable and sustainable production of high-performance LIB anodes.