The Multidimensional Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training (Hiit) on Glycemic Control, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition, and Metabolic and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Evidence and Clinical Implication

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health burden, marked by chronic hyperglycemia and complications. Physical activity is central to management, with High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) emerging as a time-efficient, evidence-based approach. This review examines HIIT’s impact on glycemic control, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and inflammation, also addressing safety and feasibility. Methods: A narrative review was conducted via PubMed using terms such as”Type 2 Diabetes, "“glycemia, "“HbA1c, "“physical activity, " and”HIIT." From forty articles screened, nineteen met inclusion criteria. Results and Discussion: HIIT effectively improves T2DM outcomes. It lowers HbA1c, fasting and postprandial glucose, and enhances insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. Compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), HIIT often yields superior VO₂max improvements. It also reduces BMI, total and visceral fat, and improves lipid profiles. HIIT is associated with lower inflammatory markers. Implementation is feasible and safe, even for older adults, with high adherence and minimal adverse events. Conclusion: HIIT is a potent non-pharmacological tool in T2DM management, offering benefits across metabolic and cardiovascular domains. Its ability to improve glycemic control, fitness, body composition, and inflammation underscores its clinical relevance. Current evidence supports integrating HIIT into standard care for T2DM patients.