Internationalization of Global South Universities (GSU) and global challenges from the perspective of organizational ecology

Purpose: This article explores the internationalization of universities in the Global South by analyzing those institutions' dependence on the standards of the Global North. The goal is to propose an internationalization model based on organizational ecology, which enables a balance between internationalization strategies and the strengthening of institutional capacities to promote sustainability and inclusion. Design/Methodology/Approach: A sequential mixed methods approach is employed, which combines a systematic literature review, social network analysis, and 35 interviews with experts from Ibero-American universities. This innovative methodological approach integrates qualitative and quantitative methods, which enriches the understanding of institutional interactions and the global challenges faced by universities in the Global South. Findings: The research proposes a six-step interconnected model for promoting equity and sustainability in the internationalization process of universities. This model encourages the formation of resilience networks and the adaptation to global and regional demands, focusing on developing local capacities and social inclusion. The results are organized into three categories: Emerging Global Engagement, Structural and Innovative Expansion, and Sustainable and Inclusive Convergence, which offers a new path to reduce academic dependence and strengthen institutional autonomy. Originality: The study presents unique and innovative theoretical and methodological contributions by systematizing internationalization into categories that emphasize the strengthening of autonomy and sustainability in universities in the Global South. The proposed model provides a practical basis for addressing structural inequalities, limited access to technology, and critical challenges for sustainable development, enabling these universities to provide active contributions in the international arena.