Tumor organoid and tumor-on-a-chip equipped next generation precision medicine

Recently, significant advancements have been witnessed in various in vitro treatment evaluation models, especially organoids and organs-on-chips. In vitro culture of cancer cells and drug screening are key technical components in functional oncology precision medicine. However, most studies primarily focus on constructing models using established cell lines, with limited integration with clinical diagnosis or patient treatment. This review provides a brief overview of precision medicine models, followed by discussions on the broad spectrum of applications involving two-dimensional (2D) tumor cell culture, patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models, tumor organoids, and tumors-on-chips. It highlights the success rate of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) construction and their application in clinical trials. Recent advancements in tumors-on-chips and organoids-on-chips are elaborated on, alongside with integration of other new generation technologies. Additionally, this review summarizes the advantages and constraints associated with tumor organoids and tumors-on-chips, underscoring their crucial role in the advancement of personalized medicine.