Intersectional Axes of Caste, Education, and Gender Differences in Cognitive Function Among Older Adults in India

Although prior studies have explored cognition by caste, education, or gender separately, their combined effects on older adults remain unexamined. This study examines cognitive disparities among older adults in India using an intersectional approach across caste, education, and gender. Using data from 31,549 individuals aged 60+ from the 2017–18 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, we find that disadvantaged groups—especially scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) individuals—consistently show poorer cognitive outcomes, regardless of literacy or gender. Gender further amplifies inequalities within caste and education. These findings underscore intersectionality as a key framework for identifying the most vulnerable older adults with low cognitive functioning.