Intercultural communication competence from 2000 to 2024: A systematic review

In a globalized world, intercultural communication competence (ICC) is essential for navigating cross-cultural interactions in education, business, healthcare, and diplomacy. We systematically reviewed 50 studies (2000–2024) from Web of Science and Scopus, identifying key theoretical frameworks such as Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory, Identity Negotiation Theory, and Byram's ICC Model. Methodological trends favor mixed-methods approaches, integrating qualitative insights with quantitative validation. Findings highlight sector-specific applications, emphasizing experiential learning, technology-enhanced strategies, and structured intercultural training. Major challenges include language barriers, ethnocentrism, and institutional constraints, while emerging trends showcase the growing role of AI-driven simulations, digital tools, and hybrid assessment models in ICC development. This review underscores the need for culturally adaptive frameworks and longitudinal research to address evolving global demands. By mapping theoretical advancements, assessment methodologies, and practical strategies, this study provides a foundation for future innovations in intercultural education, policy-making, and workforce training. The findings advocate for interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance ICC in increasingly interconnected environments.