Electrospun fibers based on chitosan-carbon materials for electrochemical enzyme biosensor: advances and prospects to commercialization

Electrospinning is a tunable technique for fabricating nanofibrous materials with exceptional properties for biosensing. The high surface area, interconnected porosity, and loading capacity of these nanofibers create an ideal microenvironment for enhancing sensor performance. This article focuses on composite platforms that synergistically combine the biocompatibility of chitosan with the improved electrical properties of carbon-based materials to develop highly sensitive and selective biosensors. Despite promising results, significant challenges hinder their commercial translation, including long-term enzyme stability, matrix interference from complex samples, fabrication protocols, and performance validation in real-world applications. Accordingly, this work critically assesses recent advancements in electrospun chitosan-carbon electrochemical enzyme biosensors, analyzes key technical hurdles, and discusses immobilization strategies crucial for achieving the reproducibility and scale required for industrial adoption.