Superconducting materials exhibit macroscopic quantum states characterized by zero electrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism at low temperatures, with their microscopic mechanism originating from the condensation of electron pairs (Cooper pairs). This paper systematically reviews advanced preparation methods such as heteroepitaxy (MBE/PLD) and melt-textured growth (MTG), alongside characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), four-probe method, and pump-probe spectroscopy, and their applications in superconductivity research. These methods provide crucial support for revealing the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity and optimizing material performance, driving breakthroughs in superconducting technologies for applications such as energy transmission, quantum computing, and high-field magnets.
Xin Wang (Wed,) studied this question.