Forming a heterodox paradigm in the context of challenges of the modern economy

Subject. This article examines heterodox approaches to economics, focusing on their criticism of the neoclassical paradigm. Objectives. This article aims to show the possibility of analyzing the economy as a dynamic and evolutionary system subject to internal contradictions and instability, which contrasts with the predictable and closed models of the mainstream. Methods. For the study, we used an interdisciplinary approach. Results. The article shows that heterodox economics provides a more complete understanding of social and environmental challenges, considering the economy as an open process in which the participation of different social groups and accounting for natural resources are the key factors. Conclusions. It is concluded that heterodox economic schools face marginalization in the academic space, but their pluralism and openness to new approaches allow them to remain relevant and stimulate the development of more adequate economic theories that include issues of social justice and environmental sustainability.