Перегружает, но направляет: влияние средовой насыщенности на внимание и рабочую память в реальных и цифровых условиях

The digital environment surrounds us everywhere. However, little is known about the differences between digital and real environmental impact on cognitive functions. Initially, the present study aimed to juxtapose attention and working memory (WM) performance under digital and real conditions. In Experiment 1, attention and WM were assessed using modified versions of classical tasks presented in either a digital (computer-based) or real (paper-based) format. The results showed that both sustained attention and visual WM were superior in the real environment, suggesting a potential overloading effect of the digital context. Experiment 2 examined the mechanisms underlying attentional shifting and sustained attention in digital environments by manipulating the level of environmental saturation (SAT). SAT refers to the degree of interactivity in an environment, particularly in terms of whether actions are initiated and guided by the human user or by the system (e.g., interface elements). A specific manipulation involved perceptual feedback – such as hover effects (changes in element state or color in response to user actions). The results indicated that sustained attention performance improved in highly saturated digital environments, whereas this effect was not observed for attentional shifting. These findings suggest that, although digital environments may overload attentional resources compared to real ones, certain features of saturation—such as interactive feedback – can enhance attentional engagement. Thus, environmental saturation plays a guiding role in shaping cognitive performance in digital contexts.