Review of the Effects of Lifestyle Modification on Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms that significantly impair quality of life. While clinical heterogeneity results from genetic and biological factors are nonmodifiable factors of PD, growing evidence highlights the impact of modifiable factors on symptom management, disease progression and quality of life. This review synthesizes current research on the role of sleep, diet, stress management, and physical activity in PD. Sleep disturbances, affecting nearly 88% of patients, exacerbate both motor and non-motor symptoms and may accelerate disease progression. Treatment strategies include sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and pharmacologic interventions customized for particular specific sleep disorders. Nutritional interventions, particularly Mediterranean or MIND diets, are linked to slower disease progression, while poor dietary habits may worsen outcomes. Stress and psychological distress, including depression and anxiety, are prevalent, and mindfulness practices provide substantial relief. Physical exercise, especially aerobic and strength training, helps improve motor function, cognitive performance, and quality of life, and programs lasting more than 12 weeks are more effective. These modifiable factors help improve PD treatments and quality of life.