Tradition and innovation in Henan Opera: An ethnographic study of Chen Suzhen's artistic legacy and the aesthetics of performance

Henan Opera stands as one of China’s most prominent regional operatic traditions, renowned for its vivid vocal styles, heroic spirit, and symbolic stagecraft. The researcher conducted qualitative research and collected data through field investigations involving key informants. Research tools included observation and interviews. This review explores its performance aesthetics through the artistry of Chen Suzhen, whose legacy embodies both preservation and innovation. Chen mastered the four pillars of performance—singing, recitation, acting, and combat—yet distinguished herself by fusing these skills into psychologically rich and emotionally authentic portrayals. Her artistry was characterized by refined emotional expression, from subtle eye movements and powerful crying scenes to the seamless integration of emotion into her vocal resonance. Through mastery of head, chest, and oral resonance, she transformed singing into a vessel of character psychology. She also redefined the use of costumes and props, elevating water sleeves and fans into expressive tools that externalized inner feelings. These innovations established the Chen School, a stylistic lineage that continues to shape Henan Opera. Preserving its vitality requires combining individual and group transmission, archival protection, and new educational initiatives. Chen Suzhen’s ethos—anchoring technique in emotion and role psychology—offers a sustainable path for Henan Opera’s future, uniting tradition with contemporary relevance.