Meta-analysis of genetic diversity of VP1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus serotypes prevalent in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2024

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a transboundary viral disease caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), which is classified into seven serotypes (A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3) within the Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus that affects both wild and domesticated cloven-hoofed animals, leading to high morbidity and substantial economic losses. In Bangladesh, three serotypes of FMDV: O, A, and Asia 1 predominantly affect cattle, remarkably more than one serotype in each year. Disease prevention relies on vaccination against the prevalent serotypes. However, despite extensive vaccination efforts, FMD outbreaks continue to occur due to high variability in FMDV, particularly of the VP1 gene, which gives rise to new variants and complicates control strategies. This review aims to Meta-analyze the epidemiological characteristics and functional divergence of prevalent FMDV serotypes in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2024 by examining their evolutionary history and dynamics based on partial VP1 gene sequences retrieved from NCBI GenBank database. It explores the FMDV serotypes, host, ecology, annual prevalence, sequence length, antigenic regions, evolutionary relationships, genotypes, and divergence, as well as amino acid variables in the BC loop, G-H loop and C-terminus region of the VP1 gene of prevalent FMDV serotypes. Additionally, the study addresses the similarity of currently used FMDV vaccine strains` VP1 amino acid sequences compare to VP1 amino acid sequence of prevalent FMDV serotypes, underscoring the need for updated vaccines that target circulating strains for effective disease control.