The incidence of hyperlactatemia due to hypoperfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) increases morbidity. Carbon dioxide production during CPB is one of the lactate production markers, in addition to other markers such as delivery oxygen (DO2), oxygen consumption (VO2), mixed vein oxygen saturation (SvO2), and oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER).
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Kowara et al. (2024) studied this question.
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