Pulmonary embolism is the third leading cause of death in cardiovascular disease worldwide, after myocardial infarction and stroke. Traditionally, pulmonary angiography has been considered the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. However, with advancements in medical care, less invasive tests such as computed tomography pulmonary arteriography (CTPA) and ventilation/perfusion imaging (V/Q imaging) have emerged, which, while less invasive than traditional angiography, are still complex and carry various risks. Various biomarkers identified to date have demonstrated reliability in the diagnosis, stratification, and prognosis of pulmonary embolism. Therefore, this paper aims to summarize the relevant biomarkers of pulmonary embolism and provide a basis for improving early diagnosis and treatment.
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Chen et al. (2024) studied this question.
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