UNSTRUCTURED This study analyzes the number of research misconduct retractions and their proportion relative to the total number of publications across 100 countries from 1996 to 2023, overall and the field of medicine. The findings reveal that China, the USA, and India have the highest number of retractions, with China significantly overrepresented. Additionally, the highest retraction proportions were observed in Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and Saudi Arabia overall, and in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan in medicine. These results underscore the need for stronger research oversight and ethical standards in regions with rapidly growing research activities.
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Sebo et al. (2024) studied this question.
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