Role of Vaginal Microbiota in Women’s Reproductive Health and Diseases

The vaginal microbiota is a diverse and dynamic ecosystem consisting of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses [1-6]. Lactobacillus species are the most common bacteria found in the vagina and produce lactic acid, which helps maintain a low pH and prevent the overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms [7]. Other bacteria like Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus species, and fungi such as Candida can also be present in the vaginal microbiome [6, 8]. Viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus can also be found in the vagina and may lead to infection if present in high amounts [9]. The composition of the vaginal microbiome is influenced by various factors like age, sexual activity, antibiotics and other medications, diet and lifestyle, and hormonal fluctuations [4, 5]. The microbiome's primary function is to maintain a healthy pH balance, which can prevent the overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms that may cause infections [6]. Lactobacilli are the predominant bacterial species in the vaginal microbiota and play a crucial role in promoting women's reproductive health [7]. They produce lactic acid, which helps maintain an acidic environment in the vagina, and antimicrobial peptides that promote immune tolerance, supporting a healthy vaginal microbiota. Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota, a disturbance in the composition and diversity of microorganisms, can lead to various reproductive health problems such as bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted infections [6, 8]. Dysbiosis can also increase the risk of adverse outcomes in pregnancy, including preterm birth and low birth weight [10]. Therefore, maintaining a healthy balance of vaginal microbiota is critical for good reproductive health [6-8].