Contemporary strategies in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections

Various cardiac arrhythmic conditions necessitate the placement of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs).Nonetheless, this procedure carries inherent risks of adverse events (AEs).These encompass procedure-related issues such as pneumothorax, vascular damage, and hematoma formation, and device-related AEs, such as lead dislodgement or malfunction (1, 2).Among these, CIED-related infections (CIEDIs) stand out as particularly concerning, given their potential to escalate comorbidity, mortality rates, and healthcare resource utilization (3, 4).The considerable morbidity, mortality, and strain on healthcare resources attributed to CIEDIs in the medical literature prompted the implementation of performanceenhancing measures (5).