Embarking on life's blueprint: investigating the crucial involvement of extracellular vesicles in embryo development

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and diverse nucleic acids, which alter various physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells.This review examines the current understanding of EVs in terms of their biological characteristics, effects on embryonic development, and potential therapeutic value in treating reproductive disorders.EVs play a crucial role in early embryonic development, from fertilization to the pre-implantation stage, as well as during gastrulation, cell differentiation, and organogenesis.In the pre-implantation period, EVs interact with maternal reproductive tissue and promote implantation receptivity, whereas during gastrulation, they regulate cell differentiation and contribute to tissue formation and maintenance.Abnormal bioactive molecules in EVs are associated with developmental disorders; therefore, EVs can serve as biomarkers.In addition, EVs are potential therapeutic agents that can deliver genetic material to targeted tissues or organs.The findings of this review highlight the potential role of EVs in intercellular signaling during embryonic development.This will help advance assisted reproductive technologies and therapies to overcome infertility and developmental disorders.